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        2021年1月18日 晚上
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            <h1 style="display: none">American Romanticism</h1>
            
              <p class="note note-info">
                
                  本文最后更新于：2021年1月19日 晚上
                
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            <div class="markdown-body">
              <h1 id="Early-Romanticism-1810s-1840s"><a href="#Early-Romanticism-1810s-1840s" class="headerlink" title="Early Romanticism (1810s-1840s)"></a>Early Romanticism (1810s-1840s)</h1><p><img src="https://gitee.com/FelixKent/blog_image/raw/master/img/500fd9f9d72a60597fa1224d2834349b033bba30.jfif" srcset="/img/loading.gif" alt="Washington Irving"></p>
<h2 id="Social-Background"><a href="#Social-Background" class="headerlink" title="Social Background"></a>Social Background</h2><ul>
<li>Rapid growth of population</li>
<li>Transportation development<ul>
<li>building of railway</li>
<li>popularity of steamers</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Popularity of <strong>publishing houses and newspapers</strong></li>
<li><strong>Liberalism</strong> in politics and economy</li>
<li>Following or being influenced by <strong>the Old World literature</strong></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="Distinct-Factors"><a href="#Distinct-Factors" class="headerlink" title="Distinct Factors"></a>Distinct Factors</h3><ul>
<li>The influence of <strong>American Puritanism</strong> in American literature</li>
<li>The difference of American literary romanticism and European literary romanticism<ul>
<li>American romanticism presented <strong>a totally new experience</strong> alien to European culture</li>
<li>The exotic landscape, the frontier life, the westward expansion, the myth of a New Garden of Eden in America, and the Puritan heritage were examples of the native material for an indigenous literature</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The contrary of American romanticism to the American Puritanism<ul>
<li>American romantic literature <strong>advocated individualism</strong> and encouraged people to <strong>fight for individual right and human happiness</strong></li>
<li>the 18th-century Puritanism overemphasized the “person of community” and <strong>neglected the “individual person”</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Newness</strong> of the Americans as a nation</li>
<li>The purpose of literature<ul>
<li>to moralize, edify, instruct</li>
<li>to entertain</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="Development-in-Literature"><a href="#Development-in-Literature" class="headerlink" title="Development in Literature"></a>Development in Literature</h3><table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="center">Romanticism</th>
<th align="center">Neoclassicism</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td align="center">marked the <strong>reaction</strong> from the Neoclassicism</td>
<td align="center"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">admired conciseness, elegance, good taste and wit, combined pleasure with instruction, and matched content to style</td>
<td align="center">admired objectivity, harmony, rationality, dignity, proportion, and moderation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">stressed individual and creative function of imagination</td>
<td align="center">stressed artistic systems and technical correlation of stylistic components</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">placed individual at the center of life and all experience at the center of art</td>
<td align="center"></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 id="Washington-Irving"><a href="#Washington-Irving" class="headerlink" title="Washington Irving"></a>Washington Irving</h2><ul>
<li>Works<ul>
<li><em>A History of New York, from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty《纽约外传》</em></li>
<li><em>The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. 《见闻札记》</em><ul>
<li><em>The Legend of Sleepy Hollow</em></li>
<li><em>Rip Van Winkle</em></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Style<ul>
<li>Satire and humor (influenced by Swift, Henry Fielding, Addison &amp; Steele)</li>
<li>History in the form of romance; fact and fiction mingled</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Remarks<ul>
<li>reveal <strong>a sense of contrast</strong> between Europe and America</li>
<li>tends to <strong>find value in the past and in the traditions of the Old World</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Contributions<ul>
<li>the <strong>first belletrist</strong> in American literature (aesthetic rather than informative or educational)</li>
<li>the first American literary humorist</li>
<li>written the first modern short stories</li>
<li>the first to write history and biography as entertainment</li>
<li>introduced to America nonfiction prose as a literary genre</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="William-Cullen-Bryant"><a href="#William-Cullen-Bryant" class="headerlink" title="William Cullen Bryant"></a>William Cullen Bryant</h2><ul>
<li>Contribution<ul>
<li>the first American <strong>lyric poet</strong></li>
<li>the American <strong>Wordsworth</strong></li>
<li>one of the greatest <strong>translators</strong>: <em>Iliad (伊利亚特)</em> and <em>Odyssey(奥德赛)</em></li>
<li>definer of the character and tone of American poetry</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Works<ul>
<li><em>The Yellow Violet 《黄色堇香花》</em></li>
<li><em>To a Waterfowl 《致水鸟》</em></li>
<li><em>Thanatopsis 《死亡随想》</em></li>
<li><em>Poems 《诗选》</em></li>
<li><em>The Fountain 《泉》</em></li>
<li><em>The White-Footed Deer 《白蹄鹿》</em></li>
<li><em>A Forest Hymn 《森林赋》</em></li>
<li><em>The Flood of Years 《似水流年》</em></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="James-Fenimore-Cooper-1st-successful-American-novelist"><a href="#James-Fenimore-Cooper-1st-successful-American-novelist" class="headerlink" title="James Fenimore Cooper: 1st successful American novelist"></a>James Fenimore Cooper: 1st successful American novelist</h2><ul>
<li>Works<ul>
<li><em>The Leather-stocking series《皮袜子故事集》</em><ul>
<li><em>The Pioneers 《开拓者》</em></li>
<li><em>The Last of the Mohicans 《最后一个莫希干人》</em></li>
<li><em>The Prairie 《草原》</em></li>
<li><em>The Pathfinder 《探路者》</em></li>
<li><em>The Deerslayer《杀鹿者》</em></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Contribution<ul>
<li>Using traditional English and European forms of literature in combination with distinctively American scenes, landscapes and situations</li>
<li>Writing about the frontiers, bringing within the realm of the imagination more of American social and political life (frontier literature)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="Edgar-Allan-Poe"><a href="#Edgar-Allan-Poe" class="headerlink" title="Edgar Allan Poe"></a>Edgar Allan Poe</h2><ul>
<li>Contribution<ul>
<li>a poet, a short-story writer, and a critic </li>
<li>be viewed as a crucial contributor to <strong>the American Renaissance</strong></li>
<li>His popularity has been on the increase</li>
<li>left a visible imprint on major American authors like T. S. Eliot and William Faulkner, and they all owe a good deal to him</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Influences<ul>
<li>Father of psychoanalytic criticism<ul>
<li>Anticipated the work and idea of <strong>Sigmund Freud</strong></li>
<li>Introduced  <strong>the Gothic genre</strong> to American literature</li>
<li>Introduced to the American literature <strong>the detective story, science fiction, and literary criticism</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>French symbolist poetry</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Major Works<ul>
<li>Short stories<ul>
<li><em>Legeia 《丽姬娅》</em></li>
<li><em>William Wilson《威廉·威尔逊》</em></li>
<li><em>The Fall of the House of Usher《厄舍府之倒塌》</em></li>
<li><em>The Murders in the Rue Morgue《莫格街凶杀案》</em></li>
<li><em>The Pit and the Pendulum《陷坑与钟摆》</em></li>
<li><em>The Tell-Tale Heart《泄密的心》</em></li>
<li><em>The Gold Bug《金甲虫》</em></li>
<li><em>The Black Cat《黑猫》</em></li>
<li><em>The Purloined Letter《被窃之信》</em></li>
<li><em>The Masque of the Red Death《红死病的假面具》</em></li>
<li><em>The Cask of Amontillado《一桶蒙特亚白葡萄酒》</em></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Essays<ul>
<li><em>The Review of Hawthorne’s Twice-Told Tales</em> </li>
<li><em>The Philosophy of Composition</em> </li>
<li><em>The Poetic Principle</em> </li>
<li><em>The Rationale of Verse</em> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Poems<ul>
<li><em>The Raven《乌鸦》</em></li>
<li><em>Annabel Lee</em> </li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

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